Automobile smoke, regardless of a traditional engine temperature studying, indicators an underlying mechanical subject. This situation signifies {that a} part or system, aside from the engine’s cooling system, is malfunctioning and producing seen emissions. Diagnosing the supply of the smoke is essential, as it may possibly level to issues starting from minor oil leaks to extra critical engine harm.
Addressing smoke points promptly prevents escalating restore prices and potential security hazards. Figuring out the smoke shade and odor aids in pinpointing the origin of the issue, permitting for focused repairs. Ignoring the problem can result in additional harm, decreased gasoline effectivity, and doubtlessly catastrophic engine failure. The presence of smoke warrants speedy investigation by a certified mechanic, no matter the engine’s temperature gauge studying.
The next sections will discover frequent causes of car smoke when the engine will not be overheating, encompassing oil leaks, coolant intrusion, gasoline system issues, and exhaust system malfunctions. Every trigger presents distinctive signs and diagnostic procedures that will likely be elaborated upon.
1. Oil Leaks
Oil leaks characterize a typical trigger of car smoke regardless of regular engine temperature. The underlying mechanism includes oil escaping from the engine and coming into contact with scorching surfaces, such because the exhaust manifold or different elements within the engine bay. The excessive temperature of those surfaces causes the oil to burn, producing seen smoke. This course of happens independently of the engine’s cooling system’s effectivity, which means the engine can preserve a traditional working temperature even whereas oil is being burned off. The smoke is often blue or bluish-grey and infrequently accompanied by a definite burning oil scent. Examples embrace leaks from valve cowl gaskets, oil pan gaskets, or crankshaft seals. These leaks enable oil to drip onto the exhaust manifold, ensuing within the described smoke emission. Understanding this connection is essential for correct analysis; addressing the leak instantly resolves the smoke subject with out necessitating investigation into the cooling system.
The severity of the oil leak instantly correlates with the quantity of smoke produced. A minor seep could generate a faint, intermittent wisp of smoke, whereas a major leak leads to a extra substantial and protracted plume. Moreover, the placement of the leak influences the chance of smoke era. Leaks close to the exhaust system pose a higher danger than these additional away. Often inspecting the engine bay for indicators of oil accumulation is crucial for early detection. Search for moist spots or oil residue on engine elements, notably round gaskets and seals. A clear engine makes it simpler to establish contemporary leaks earlier than they change into vital sufficient to provide noticeable smoke.
In abstract, oil leaks are a main purpose for car smoke with out overheating. The important thing perception is that exterior oil contacting scorching engine elements causes the smoke, impartial of the engine’s inner temperature regulation. Addressing oil leaks promptly prevents not solely smoke but in addition potential engine harm and environmental considerations. Subsequently, thorough inspection and well timed restore of oil leaks are essential for sustaining a car’s efficiency and longevity.
2. Coolant Intrusion
Coolant intrusion into the engine’s combustion chambers or exhaust system constitutes a major trigger of car smoke, even when the engine’s temperature gauge signifies regular operation. This situation arises when coolant, sometimes a combination of water and antifreeze, bypasses its meant channels and enters areas the place it shouldn’t be current, resulting in its vaporization and expulsion as smoke.
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Head Gasket Failure
A compromised head gasket is a main facilitator of coolant intrusion. The top gasket seals the interface between the engine block and cylinder head, stopping coolant and combustion gases from mixing. When the gasket fails, coolant can leak into the cylinders throughout the combustion course of. This leads to the coolant being vaporized and exiting the exhaust pipe as white smoke. Even with a compromised head gasket, the engine won’t overheat instantly if the leak is small and the cooling system is functioning adequately, initially masking the severity of the issue.
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Cracked Cylinder Head or Engine Block
Cracks inside the cylinder head or engine block can create pathways for coolant to enter the combustion chambers or exhaust passages instantly. Such cracks are sometimes the results of thermal stress or bodily harm. As with a head gasket failure, coolant coming into the cylinders will likely be vaporized throughout combustion and emitted as white smoke. The presence of cracks doesn’t essentially assure speedy overheating, notably if the cracks are small and the cooling system retains enough capability to dissipate warmth.
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Consumption Manifold Gasket Leak
In some engine designs, the consumption manifold gasket additionally seals coolant passages. A failure of this gasket can enable coolant to be drawn into the consumption manifold and subsequently into the combustion chambers. Whereas much less frequent than head gasket failures, consumption manifold gasket leaks can nonetheless produce white smoke from the exhaust. The engine’s temperature could stay inside regular working parameters if the coolant leak is gradual and the cooling system can compensate.
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Exhaust System Leakage
Though much less direct, coolant leaks exterior to the engine, reminiscent of from a leaking radiator hose or a defective water pump, can typically drip onto the exhaust system. The warmth from the exhaust system will vaporize the coolant, creating white smoke. This state of affairs is often characterised by a visual leak and the scent of coolant close to the engine bay. Whereas this example will trigger smoke, it does not instantly contain coolant coming into the engine’s inner elements and subsequently does not essentially trigger overheating if the cooling system is in any other case purposeful.
In conclusion, coolant intrusion, whether or not by means of a failed head gasket, a cracked cylinder head, a leaking consumption manifold gasket, or exterior leaks onto the exhaust, can produce smoke with out speedy overheating. This happens as a result of the cooling system could initially compensate for the coolant loss, sustaining a semblance of regular working temperature. Nonetheless, the presence of smoke signifies a critical underlying subject requiring immediate analysis and restore to stop additional engine harm and potential failure.
3. Gasoline Combination
An improper gasoline combination, particularly a wealthy gasoline combination, can contribute to car smoke with out essentially inflicting overheating. A wealthy gasoline combination denotes an extreme quantity of gasoline relative to air coming into the engine’s combustion chambers. This imbalance results in incomplete combustion, ensuing within the manufacturing of black smoke from the exhaust. Whereas the engine should still function inside a traditional temperature vary, the unburnt gasoline creates seen emissions and might negatively impression engine efficiency and gasoline effectivity.
A number of elements can result in a wealthy gasoline combination. Malfunctioning gasoline injectors, as an illustration, could ship an extreme amount of gasoline into the cylinders. A defective mass airflow sensor (MAF) can present incorrect knowledge to the engine management unit (ECU), inflicting it to inject an excessive amount of gasoline. Equally, a faulty oxygen sensor could fail to precisely monitor exhaust gasoline composition, main the ECU to compensate inappropriately by growing gasoline supply. Vacuum leaks may disrupt the air-fuel ratio, inflicting the engine to run wealthy. In all these situations, the engine won’t overheat instantly if the cooling system adequately dissipates the warmth generated, even with incomplete combustion. Nonetheless, the persistent presence of black smoke signifies an underlying subject inside the gasoline supply or sensor system that requires consideration.
In conclusion, a wealthy gasoline combination is a definite trigger of car smoke, typically manifesting as black smoke from the exhaust. The engine won’t overheat initially, however the presence of smoke indicators an issue that wants decision. Diagnosing and addressing the foundation reason for the wealthy gasoline combination, whether or not it stems from defective injectors, sensors, or vacuum leaks, is crucial to revive correct engine operation, remove smoke emissions, and guarantee optimum gasoline effectivity. Common upkeep and diagnostic checks can assist forestall such points from growing and inflicting extra vital engine issues.
4. Exhaust System
The exhaust system, whereas primarily accountable for channeling combustion byproducts away from the engine, can not directly contribute to smoke emissions even when the engine temperature stays inside regular parameters. The exhaust system’s integrity and performance are essential in stopping circumstances which may in any other case result in seen smoke.
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Catalytic Converter Failure
A failing catalytic converter, accountable for lowering dangerous emissions, can generate smoke. When a catalytic converter malfunctions, it might not utterly burn off hydrocarbons and different pollution. This incomplete combustion can lead to the emission of bluish-white smoke, notably underneath heavy acceleration. The engine temperature would possibly stay regular as a result of the cooling system’s effectiveness is impartial of the catalytic converter’s efficiency. Analysis includes checking for diagnostic bother codes associated to catalytic converter effectivity and inspecting the converter for bodily harm or extreme warmth.
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Exhaust Leaks Close to Engine Elements
Exhaust leaks, notably these occurring close to the engine block or exhaust manifold, could cause smoke if they permit exhaust gases to return into contact with oil or different flammable substances. Even a small leak can direct scorching exhaust onto a close-by oil line or valve cowl, inflicting the oil to burn and produce smoke. The smoke shade and odor will rely upon the substance being burned. Whereas the engine’s total temperature is likely to be unaffected, the localized warmth from the exhaust leak is enough to trigger the emitted smoke. Inspection includes rigorously inspecting the exhaust system for leaks, paying specific consideration to areas close to the engine.
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Exhaust System Blockage
A blockage inside the exhaust system, reminiscent of a collapsed muffler or a international object lodged within the exhaust pipe, can result in elevated backpressure inside the engine. This backpressure can drive oil previous piston rings or valve seals, leading to oil burning and smoke. Though the engine’s cooling system would possibly maintain the temperature inside acceptable limits, the elevated inner stress brought on by the blockage can nonetheless result in smoke emissions. Diagnosing this situation includes checking for uncommon noises or lowered engine efficiency and bodily inspecting the exhaust system for obstructions.
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Condensation Vaporization
In cooler climates, condensation can accumulate inside the exhaust system in a single day. Upon beginning the car, this condensation vaporizes and exits the exhaust pipe as white smoke. This phenomenon is often short-lived and disappears because the exhaust system heats up. Whereas this smoke is regular and doesn’t point out a mechanical downside, it may be mistaken for coolant intrusion. The important thing distinction is that condensation smoke dissipates shortly and lacks the candy scent related to coolant.
In conclusion, the exhaust system’s function extends past merely routing exhaust gases. A malfunctioning catalytic converter, exhaust leaks close to the engine, exhaust system blockages, and even easy condensation can all contribute to smoke emissions, even when the engine itself will not be overheating. These points spotlight the significance of standard exhaust system inspections as a part of routine car upkeep.
5. PCV Valve
The Optimistic Crankcase Air flow (PCV) valve performs a vital function in regulating stress inside the engine’s crankcase. Malfunctions on this system can result in circumstances that produce smoke and not using a concurrent rise in engine temperature, necessitating a transparent understanding of the PCV valve’s perform and potential failure modes.
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Crankcase Strain Buildup
A malfunctioning PCV valve, notably one that’s caught closed, prevents the correct venting of crankcase gases. This results in a buildup of stress inside the crankcase. This elevated stress can drive oil previous seals and gaskets, leading to leaks. When this oil comes into contact with scorching engine elements, such because the exhaust manifold, it burns and produces smoke. The engine temperature could stay regular if the cooling system is functioning accurately, even because the oil leak generates seen emissions. Instance: A clogged PCV valve in a high-mileage car can result in elevated oil consumption and blue-tinged smoke exiting the exhaust.
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Extreme Oil Consumption
If the PCV valve is caught open, it may possibly create an extreme vacuum inside the crankcase. This robust vacuum can draw oil from the engine into the consumption manifold. The oil is then burned throughout combustion, leading to blue or bluish-gray smoke emanating from the exhaust pipe. The presence of this smoke might not be accompanied by overheating if the quantity of oil being burned is comparatively small and the cooling system can nonetheless preserve the engine’s temperature. Instance: An engine with worn piston rings and a stuck-open PCV valve will exhibit considerably elevated oil consumption and smoke manufacturing.
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Affect on Air-Gasoline Combination
A malfunctioning PCV valve can disrupt the air-fuel combination. When the valve is caught open, it permits unmetered air to enter the consumption manifold, leaning out the air-fuel combination. To compensate, the engine management unit (ECU) could inject extra gasoline, doubtlessly making a wealthy gasoline combination in some cylinders. This wealthy combination can result in incomplete combustion and the emission of black smoke from the exhaust. The engine could not overheat if the gasoline combination imbalance will not be extreme sufficient to trigger vital thermal stress. Instance: A vacuum leak brought on by a defective PCV valve hose can result in erratic engine efficiency and black smoke throughout acceleration.
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Harm to Seals and Gaskets
The stress imbalances brought on by a malfunctioning PCV valve can speed up the degradation of engine seals and gaskets. Over time, these weakened seals and gaskets change into extra vulnerable to leaking oil. As described above, oil leaks that come into contact with scorching engine elements will produce smoke. The long-term impact of a defective PCV valve is elevated oil consumption, smoke emissions, and potential engine harm. Instance: A car with a uncared for PCV system will doubtless exhibit a number of oil leaks from numerous seals and gaskets, all contributing to smoke emissions.
In abstract, the PCV valve is intricately linked to the incidence of smoke with out overheating. A malfunctioning PCV valve can result in stress imbalances, elevated oil consumption, disrupted air-fuel mixtures, and accelerated put on on engine seals and gaskets. These points, individually or collectively, can lead to smoke emissions, even whereas the engine temperature stays inside regular working limits. Common inspection and upkeep of the PCV system are important for stopping these issues and sustaining engine well being.
6. Turbocharger Failure
Turbocharger failure can manifest as car smoke regardless of a traditional engine temperature studying. This happens as a result of the turbocharger’s operational mechanics and potential failure factors are distinct from the engine’s cooling system. The next particulars define key sides of turbocharger failure and their relation to smoke emissions.
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Oil Seal Degradation
Turbochargers make the most of oil seals to stop oil from leaking into the compressor or turbine housings. When these seals degrade or fail, oil can seep into both facet of the turbocharger. Oil coming into the compressor facet is drawn into the engine’s consumption, resulting in combustion and subsequent blue or bluish-gray smoke from the exhaust. Oil coming into the turbine facet is burned within the exhaust stream, additionally producing smoke. This will happen even with a purposeful cooling system sustaining regular engine temperature. Instance: A worn turbocharger in a turbocharged car displays blue smoke throughout acceleration, regardless of the temperature gauge studying regular.
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Bearing Failure
Turbocharger bearings are important for the high-speed rotation of the turbocharger shaft. Bearing failure could cause extreme shaft play, resulting in contact between the compressor or turbine wheels and their respective housings. This friction generates warmth and might harm the turbocharger elements. Moreover, bearing failure typically leads to oil leakage previous the seals, contributing to smoke emissions as described above. Whereas the engine temperature would possibly stay regular, the failing turbocharger introduces oil into the combustion or exhaust processes. Instance: A high-pitched whine from the turbocharger, accompanied by smoke, signifies potential bearing failure.
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Compressor or Turbine Wheel Harm
International object particles (FOD) coming into the turbocharger can harm the compressor or turbine wheels. Broken wheels can disrupt airflow and scale back the turbocharger’s effectivity. In extreme circumstances, broken wheels could cause the turbocharger to fail catastrophically, main to grease leakage and smoke emissions. Furthermore, the broken elements can create elevated backpressure, doubtlessly affecting engine efficiency with out instantly inflicting overheating. Instance: After ingesting particles, a turbocharger displays lowered enhance and smoke, indicating compressor wheel harm.
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Wastegate Malfunction
The wastegate controls the quantity of exhaust gasoline directed to the turbine wheel, regulating enhance stress. A malfunctioning wastegate, notably one that’s caught closed, could cause extreme enhance stress. This overboost situation can stress the engine and turbocharger elements, doubtlessly main to grease leakage and smoke emissions. Whereas overboost can contribute to elevated engine temperatures over time, the preliminary symptom could also be smoke with out speedy overheating. Instance: A car experiencing surging enhance stress and smoke could have a defective wastegate actuator.
In abstract, turbocharger failure presents a number of pathways for smoke emissions, impartial of the engine’s cooling system efficiency. Oil seal degradation, bearing failure, compressor/turbine wheel harm, and wastegate malfunctions can all contribute to smoke, even when the engine maintains a traditional working temperature. Recognizing these particular failure modes is essential for correct analysis and efficient restore, stopping additional engine harm and restoring optimum efficiency.
7. Transmission Fluid
Transmission fluid, whereas primarily accountable for lubrication and hydraulic perform inside the transmission system, can not directly contribute to smoke emissions, even when the engine temperature stays inside regular parameters. This happens when transmission fluid leaks onto scorching engine or exhaust elements, resulting in combustion and visual smoke. The presence of smoke, on this occasion, doesn’t essentially point out an engine overheating downside however fairly a leak inside the transmission system coupled with publicity to excessive temperatures. The colour of the smoke is often white or bluish-white, typically accompanied by a definite, acrid odor. For instance, a leaking transmission cooler line dripping fluid onto the exhaust manifold can produce vital smoke with out affecting the engine’s working temperature.
The essential issue is the placement of the leak and the proximity of scorching surfaces. A small transmission fluid leak onto a comparatively cool space will doubtless go unnoticed, whereas even a minor drip onto the exhaust system can generate a considerable quantity of smoke. The kind of transmission fluid additionally influences the depth and shade of the smoke. Older automated transmission fluids (ATF) could produce a darker, extra pungent smoke in comparison with newer artificial fluids. Figuring out the supply of the leak is paramount. Frequent leakage factors embrace transmission seals, cooler traces, and the transmission pan gasket. A cautious inspection of those areas can reveal the supply of the issue. Furthermore, monitoring transmission fluid ranges is essential; a persistent drop in fluid degree, with none seen exterior leaks, could recommend inner leakage, which, whereas circuitously inflicting exterior smoke, indicators a extreme mechanical subject.
In abstract, transmission fluid leaks can certainly contribute to car smoke impartial of engine temperature. The important thing perception is that exterior leaks onto scorching elements are the first trigger. Addressing these leaks promptly is crucial to stop additional fluid loss, potential transmission harm, and the nuisance of smoke emissions. Subsequently, common inspection of the transmission system for leaks, coupled with well timed restore, is important for sustaining total car well being and stopping smoke-related points.
8. Brake Calipers
Brake calipers, a essential part of a car’s braking system, can not directly contribute to smoke emissions, even when the engine temperature stays regular. This phenomenon happens independently of the engine’s cooling system and is primarily associated to friction, warmth era, and the potential for burning brake elements.
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Extreme Warmth Technology
A malfunctioning brake caliper, notably one that’s seized or partially seized, could cause fixed friction between the brake pads and the rotor. This steady friction generates extreme warmth, which may result in smoke emissions. The smoke is often grey or white and could also be accompanied by a burning scent originating from the wheel space. The engine temperature stays unaffected as a result of the braking system operates independently. Instance: A car with a seized caliper on one wheel emitting smoke after a brief drive.
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Brake Pad and Rotor Overheating
The acute warmth generated by a seized caliper could cause the brake pads and rotor to overheat. Overheated brake pads can launch risky compounds that vaporize and seem as smoke. Equally, an overheated rotor can glow crimson or orange and, in excessive circumstances, produce smoke because the metallic oxidizes. The localized warmth within the braking system doesn’t instantly translate to an elevated engine temperature. Instance: Brake fade accompanied by smoke throughout extended downhill braking as a result of overheated elements.
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Lubricant Burning
Brake calipers typically comprise lubricant to make sure clean operation of the transferring elements. Extreme warmth could cause this lubricant to interrupt down and burn, producing smoke and a particular odor. The burning lubricant sometimes happens inside the caliper meeting and doesn’t have an effect on the engine’s cooling or temperature. Instance: A caliper with degraded seals leaking lubricant onto the rotor, leading to smoke emissions.
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Hydraulic Fluid Leakage
Though much less frequent, a broken brake caliper can leak hydraulic fluid. If this fluid comes into contact with a scorching rotor or different close by part, it may possibly vaporize and produce smoke. The smoke is often white or bluish and has a attribute chemical scent. The engine temperature stays regular as a result of the hydraulic system is separate from the engine’s cooling system. Instance: A ruptured brake line close to the caliper spraying fluid onto the recent rotor, creating smoke and a lack of braking efficiency.
In conclusion, brake calipers contribute to smoke emissions impartial of engine temperature, with the first mechanisms being extreme warmth era, part overheating, lubricant burning, and hydraulic fluid leakage. The smoke sometimes originates from the wheel space and is indicative of a braking system malfunction requiring speedy consideration to stop additional harm and guarantee secure operation.
Continuously Requested Questions
The next part addresses frequent inquiries relating to the incidence of smoke emissions from a car when the engine temperature stays inside regular working parameters. These questions purpose to make clear potential causes and acceptable diagnostic steps.
Query 1: What does it signify when a car emits smoke, however the temperature gauge reads regular?
The presence of smoke, no matter engine temperature, sometimes signifies a fluid leak or combustion abnormality inside the engine or associated methods. Addressing the smoke’s shade and odor facilitates pinpointing the underlying trigger.
Query 2: Can an oil leak trigger smoke even when the engine will not be overheating?
Sure. Oil leaking onto scorching engine elements, such because the exhaust manifold, will burn and produce smoke. This happens independently of the engine’s cooling system effectiveness and total temperature.
Query 3: Is white smoke all the time indicative of a critical engine downside?
White smoke can point out coolant intrusion into the combustion chambers, a critical concern. Nonetheless, it may also be merely condensation vaporizing inside the exhaust system, particularly throughout chilly climate begins. Differentiation depends on odor and persistence of the smoke.
Query 4: What’s the significance of black smoke emanating from the exhaust?
Black smoke sometimes signifies a wealthy gasoline combination, indicating an extra of gasoline relative to air within the combustion course of. This will consequence from defective gasoline injectors, sensor malfunctions, or vacuum leaks.
Query 5: Can a malfunctioning catalytic converter contribute to smoke emissions?
A failing catalytic converter can certainly produce smoke if it isn’t successfully changing pollution within the exhaust stream. This typically presents as bluish-white smoke, notably throughout acceleration.
Query 6: What steps must be taken upon observing smoke emissions from a car?
The preliminary step includes rigorously observing the smoke’s shade and odor. Subsequently, a radical inspection of the engine bay and exhaust system is warranted to establish potential leaks or malfunctions. Skilled diagnostic help is really useful for correct evaluation and restore.
These steadily requested questions present a foundational understanding of potential causes and diagnostic approaches for smoke emissions in automobiles. Addressing these points promptly can forestall additional harm and guarantee secure operation.
The following sections will delve into particular diagnostic procedures and restore methods for addressing smoke-related points in automobiles.
Professional Suggestions
The following tips are designed to help in figuring out the foundation trigger of car smoke when engine temperature stays regular. Correct analysis is essential for efficient restore.
Tip 1: Observe Smoke Colour and Odor Meticulously: Distinguish between blue (burning oil), white (coolant or condensation), and black (wealthy gasoline combination). Notice any accompanying odors, reminiscent of burning oil, candy coolant, or uncooked gasoline. This preliminary evaluation narrows the vary of potential points.
Tip 2: Conduct a Thorough Visible Inspection: Study the engine bay for seen leaks, notably round gaskets, seals, and hoses. Test the exhaust system for indicators of injury or corrosion. Notice any fluid accumulation on the bottom beneath the car.
Tip 3: Confirm Fluid Ranges: Often monitor engine oil, coolant, and transmission fluid ranges. Unexplained drops in fluid ranges, even with out seen leaks, could point out inner points contributing to smoke emissions.
Tip 4: Assess PCV Valve Performance: A malfunctioning PCV valve could cause stress imbalances inside the crankcase, main to grease leaks and smoke. Examine the valve and its related hoses for clogs or harm. Think about changing the valve as a part of routine upkeep.
Tip 5: Consider Turbocharger Efficiency: If the car is turbocharged, hear for uncommon noises from the turbocharger and examine for oil leaks round its housing. Test for extreme shaft play, which signifies potential bearing failure.
Tip 6: Test Brake Calipers: A seized or partially seized brake caliper can generate extreme warmth, resulting in smoke emissions. Test every wheel for indicators of overheating and make sure the calipers are functioning accurately.
Tip 7: Make the most of Diagnostic Instruments: Make use of a scan software to examine for diagnostic bother codes (DTCs) associated to gasoline combination, sensor malfunctions, or catalytic converter effectivity. These codes can present beneficial insights into the underlying reason for the smoke.
Constant utility of those diagnostic suggestions will enhance the accuracy and effectivity of figuring out the sources of car smoke when the engine will not be overheating, resulting in more practical repairs and extended car lifespan.
The following part will summarize the important thing factors mentioned on this article.
Conclusion
The previous dialogue addressed the multifaceted downside of car smoke emission within the absence of engine overheating. It highlighted that “why is my automobile smoking however not overheating” is often indicative of underlying points distinct from the engine’s cooling system. Frequent causes embrace oil leaks onto scorching elements, coolant intrusion into combustion chambers or the exhaust system, gasoline combination imbalances, exhaust system malfunctions, a defective PCV valve, turbocharger failure in relevant automobiles, transmission fluid leaks, and seized brake calipers. Correct analysis necessitates cautious commentary of smoke traits, thorough visible inspection, fluid degree monitoring, and the utilization of diagnostic instruments.
Persistent smoke emission, even with regular engine temperature, warrants immediate skilled analysis. Ignoring such signs can result in escalated restore prices and doubtlessly compromise car security and reliability. Well timed intervention primarily based on correct analysis is essential for preserving car efficiency and stopping extra in depth harm.
